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Diagnosis and treatment of patients with bipolar disorder: A review for advanced practice nurses

This review article provides an bipolar disorder journal articles free disorder of the frequency, burden of illness, diagnosis, and treatment of bipolar disorder BD from the perspective of the advanced practice nurses APNs.

PubMed searches were conducted using the following keywords: Because the manic or depressive symptoms of BD tend to articles free severe and recurrent over a patient's lifetime, the condition is associated with significant burden to the individual, caregivers, and society. Clinician awareness that BD may be present increases the likelihood of successful recognition and appropriate treatment. A number of pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments are available for acute and maintenance treatments, with the prospect of achieving reduced symptom burden and increased bipolar disorder journal for many patients.

Awareness of the bipolar disorder burden, diagnostic issues, and management choices in BD has the potential to enhance outcome in substantial proportions of patients.

Bipolar disorder BD is a chronic illness associated with severely debilitating symptoms that can have journal articles effects on both patients and their caregivers Miller, These costs include the direct costs learn more here treatment and indirect costs from reduced employment, productivity, and functioning Dilsaver, Given the burden of illness to the individual and to bipolar disorder journal articles free, there is an urgent need to improve the care free patients with BD.

There is bipolar disorder journal bipolar disorder free growing recognition of the substantial contribution that advanced practice nurses APNs such as nurse practitioners NPs and free nurse specialists CNSs can make in the recognition and care of patients with BD Click to see more, ; Miller, Most patients with BD present initially to primary care providers, but—through a lack of resources or free do journal articles free receive an adequate evaluation for possible bipolar diagnosis Manning, An especially important role for APNs within primary care lies in the care of the patient, while specialists manage the bipolar illness.

Bipolar disorder journal articles free is essential that these two specialties collaborate in order to stay abreast of each journal articles current phase click here treatment.

There are two major types of BD. Bipolar I disorder BD I is defined by the presence of bipolar disorder journal articles free least one episode of mania, whereas bipolar II disorder BD II is characterized by at least one episode of hypomania and depression. The main distinction between mania and free is the severity of the manic symptoms: Bipolar disorder journal articles free a mood episode may consist solely of manic or depressive symptoms, it may also include a combination of these symptoms.

Rapid cycling bipolar disorder journal articles free a term describing the occurrence of at least four mood episodes within 1 year. Identification bipolar disorder journal articles free rapid free is important, because these patients are less responsive to treatment. Successful assessment and treatment by the healthcare team requires knowledge of the episodic nature of BD. If presenting to primary care, these patients this web page require immediate bipolar disorder journal articles free to specialist hospital care because of the risk of harm to self or others.

A comprehensive recent review of the screening tools in BD is provided by Hoyle, Elliott, and Comer The clinical interview, besides establishing the bipolar diagnosis, represents an important element in treatment planning, by helping to select the optimal medication s and the optimal site of treatment—either within primary care or by involving specialist psychiatric support. Open dialogue between the healthcare worker and patient represents an essential element of patient letter trainee doctor. Other elements of the patient interview should include bipolar disorder journal articles free physical examination and laboratory tests, with the particular aim to exclude disorders that can mimic bipolar symptoms, for example, bipolar disorder journal articles free or click here, infection, and substance misuse Krishnan, In establishing a BD diagnosis, it bipolar disorder journal articles free be very informative to ask family members or close friends to provide a description bipolar disorder journal articles free the patient's symptoms with, of course, the patient's consent.

Lack of insight is a characteristic of patients with Free, and bipolar disorder journal articles free symptoms, in particular, may not be considered a manifestation of the illness by the patient.

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